COMMENT ⊗   VALID 00012 PAGES
C REC  PAGE   DESCRIPTION
C00001 00001
C00002 00002	@Comment{ Just random }
C00010 00003	@Comment{ Cognitive Science }
C00014 00004	@Comment{ Philosophy }
C00016 00005	@Comment{ Heuristics, ... }
C00019 00006	@Comment{ Naive this and that }
C00021 00007	@Comment{ Problem Reformulation }
C00023 00008	@Comment{ Metaphor, Analogy [nonAI] }
C00042 00009	@Comment{ Analogy [CS, not AI] }
C00046 00010	@Comment{ Analogy - AI }
C00062 00011	@Comment{ Analogy - RDG }
C00063 00012	@Comment{ Things to add in...
C00069 ENDMK
C⊗;
@Comment{ Just random }

@TechReport(NewNess,
Key = "Greiner",
Author = "Greiner, Russell and Genesereth, Michael R.", 
Title = "What's New?  A Semantic Definition of Novelty",
Number = "HPP-83-26",
Type = WP, 
Institution = CSDSU,
Month = MAY, Year = 1983)

@InCollection(SolarMetaphor,
Key = "Dorson",
Author = "Dorson, Richard M.",
Title = "The Eclipse of Solar Metaphor",
Publisher = "Prentise-Hall, Inc.",
Address = "Englewood Cliffs, N.J.",
Year = 1965,
BookTitle = "The Study of Folklore",
Pages = "57-83",
Editors = "Alan Dundes")
@Comment< Critique of Friedrich Max Mu"ller's view of Solar Metaphor. >

@Book(Shakespeare,
Key = "Shakespeare",
Author = "Shakespeare, William",
Title = "The Complete Signet Classic Shakespeare",
Publisher = "Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.",
Year = 1972,
Address = "San Francisco")

@Misc(HalletSmith,
Key = "Smith",
Author = "Hallet Smith",
HowPublished = "Personal Communication, (Course on Shakespeare)",
Year = 1974)

@Book(InfoTheory,
Key = "Gallager",
Author = "Gallager, Robert G.",
Title = "Information Theory and Reliable Communication",
Publisher = "John Wiley & Sons, Inc.",
Year = 1978,
Address = "New York")

@Book(LogicTheory,
Key = "Enderton",
Author = "Enderton, Herbert B.",
Title = "A Mathematical Introduction to Logic",
Publisher = "Academic Press, Inc.",
Year = 1972,
Address = "New York")

@Book(Inversions,
Key = "Kim",
Author = "Kim, Scott",
Title = "Inversions: A Catalog of Calligraphic Cartwheels",
Publisher = "BYTE Boks, A division of McGraw-Hill",
Year = 1981,
Address = "Peterborough, N.H.")

@Book(GEB,
Key = "Hofstadter",
Author = "Hofstadter, Douglas R.",
Title = "Godel, Esher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid",
Publisher = "Basic Books, Inc.",
Year = 1979,
Address = "N.Y.")
@Comment< All sorts of cute thises and thats.
Check Chapter 19 -- Doug H claims they preceded Carbonell's stuff.>

@Book(InterLisp,
Key = "Teitelman",
Author = "Teitelman, Warren",
Title = "InterLisp Reference Manual",
Publisher = "XEROX PARC",
Year = 1978,
Address = "Palo Alto")
@Comment< All the bells and whistles.>

@Article(HubelWeisel,
Key = "Hubel",
Author = "Hubel, D.H. and Weisel, T.N.",
Title = "Receptive Fields, Binocular Interaction and Functional Architecture in the
Cat's Visual Cortex",
Journal = "Journal of Physiology",
Volume = 195, Pages = "215-243", Year = 1968)
@Comment<Cats bump into walls, 
if they never before saw horizontal lines during their first few weeks.>

@InCollection(Shake-Bush,
Key = "Bohannan",
Author = "Bohannan, Laura",
Title = "Shakespeare in the Bush",
Publisher = "Little, Brown and Company",
Address = "Boston",
Year = 1971,
BookTitle = "Conformity and Conflict: Readings in Cultural Anthropology",
Pages = "15-25",
Editors = "James P. Spradley and David W. McCurdy")
@Comment< Different interpretations of Ghost in Hamlet >

@Book(Cochin,
Key = "Cochin",
Author = "Cochin, Ira",
Title = "Analysis and Design of Dynamic Systems",
Year = 1980,
Publisher = "Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.",
Address = "New York")
@Comment< (Mechanics text, recommended by Johan deKleer.)
On pages 79-84 describes "Analogies among various Lumped Elements",
defining "through" and "across" variables.
Also "Analogies among various Lumped Systems", on pages 127-130. 
Elements:  
	K' = [d(through)/dt] / across
	C' = through / [d(across)/dt]
	D' = through / across
For parallel elements:
	Through variables add.
	Across variable is common to parallel elements.
	Equivalent element is given by the sum of parallel elements.
For series elements:
	Across variables add.
	Series elements have a common through variable.
	Equivalent element is given by the sum of reciprocals.
>

@Book(Zienkiewicz,
Key = "Zienkiewicz",
Author = "Zienkiewicz, Olgierd Cecil",
Title = "The Finite Element Method, Third Edition",
Year = 1977,
Publisher = "McGraw Hill Book Company, Limited",
Address = "London")
@Comment< (Mechanics text, used by Margaret Longstreth @ UCB)
On pages 12-13, describes Analogy from Mechanics to Electrical Circuits
in terms of complicated matrices.
Shows, basically, the I = K*V relation for networks of wires, resistors, ...
Now if we consider just 
"Pipes in which Laminar Flow pertains",
see that this works for V ~ hydraulic head, and I ~ flow.
In general, though, better to think of it as
  I = c * (Vi-Vj)↑@g(g), where 0.5<@g(g)<0.7 .
This means that, in general,
  Pressure-drop = c' * Q↑2
[I → flowrate Q, Vi-Vj → pressure drop, c'=1/c↑2 -- when @g(g)=0.5 ]
>
@Comment{ Cognitive Science }

@InCollection(Levy,
Key = "Levy",
Author = "Levy, David M.",
Title = "Communicative Goals and Strategies: Between Discourse and Syntax",
SeriesTitle = "Syntax and Semantics",
Volume = 12,
BookTitle = "Discourse and Syntax",
Publisher = "Academic Press, Incorporated",
Year = 1979)

@Book(Gregory,
Key = "Gregory",
Author = "Gregory, Richard L.",
Title = "The Intelligent Eye",
Publisher = "McGraw-Hill Book Company",
Year = 1970,
Address = "San Francisco")

@Book(Bongard,
Key = "Bongard",
Author = "Bongard, M.",
Title = "Pattern Recognition",
Publisher = "Hayden Book Company, Spartan Books",
Year = 1970,
Address = "Rochell Park, N.J.")

@InProceedings(Scruffy,
Key = "Abelson",
Author = "Abelson, Robert P.",
Title = "Constraint, Construal, and Cognitive Science",
Pages = "1-9",
Booktitle = "3-Cognitive Science",
Organization = "University of California, Berkeley",
Month = AUG, Year = 1981)
@Comment< This is scruffy vs neat --
discussing view of cognitive science.>

@Thesis(SADouglas,
Key = "Douglas",
Author = "Douglas, Susan Ann",
Title = ?,
Month = ?,
Year = 1983)
@Comment< Psy thesis, demonstating the dis/advantages of knowing
typewriters when learning EMACS.
At Stanford, and Xerox>

@TechReport(LearnLisp,
Key = "Anderson",
Author = "Anderson, John R., Robert Farrell and Ron Sauers", 
Title = "Learning to Program in LISP",
Number = "NR 157-465",
Institution = CMU,
Month = SEP, Year = 1983)
@Comment<
Psy report - on 3 subjects, learning to program in LISP.
Subjects often better on similar problems after just 1 trial (of similar problem).
"Structural analogies" -- actually copy template (after ignoring chapter)
Knowledge compilation: proceduralization + compiling
...
Some terminology and distinctions sloppy (esp domain vs meta-level planning)
Had program, GRAPES (based on ACT*), emulate specifics of students.
Did ge same type of performance, Yawn. >
@Comment{ Philosophy }

@Book(Hintikka,
Key = "Hintikka",
Author = "Hintikka, Jaako",
Title = "?",
Publisher = "?",
Year = 1970,
Address = "?")

@Book(Wittgenstein,
Key = "Wittgenstein",
Author = "Wittgenstein, L.",
Title = "Philosophical Investigations",
Publisher = "Macmillian",
Year = 1953,
Address = "New York")
@Comment{ Here is the description of the different sense of "game" --
of the nature of familial resemblences. }

@Book(Quine,
Key = "Quine",
Author = "Quine, Wilhelm",
Title = "Word and Object",
Publisher = "MIT Press",
Year = 1960,
Address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts")
@Comment{ Here he discusses "ostention" -- finding prototypes from individuals,
and using these... }

@Comment<
@Book(	Suppe's "The Structure of Scientific Theories")>
@Comment{ Heuristics, ... }

@TechReport(HEURISTICS,
Key = "Lenat",
Author = "Lenat, Douglas B.", 
Title = "The Nature of Heuristics",
Number = "HPP-80-26",
Type = WP, 
Institution = CSDSU,
Month = DEC, Year = 1980)

@TechReport(HR-Theory,
Key = "Hayes-Roth",
Author = "Hayes-Roth, Frederick", 
Title = "?",
Number = "?",
Type = RWD, 
Institution = RAND,
Month = MAR, Year = 1981)

@Book(Lakatos,
Key = "Lakatos",
Author = "Lakatos, Imre",
Title = "Proofs and Refutations: The Logic of Mathematical Descovery",
Publisher = "Cambridge University Press",
Address = "Cambridge",
Year = 1977)

@Book(Polya1,
Key = "Polya",
Author = "Polya, George", 
Title = "Induction and Analogy in Mathematics",
Series = "Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning",
Volume = 1,
Publisher = "Princeton University Press", Address = "Princeton",
Year = 1954)

@Book(Polya2,
Key = "Polya",
Author = "Polya, George", 
Title = "Patterns of Plausible Inference",
Series = "Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning",
Volume = 2,
Publisher = "Princeton University Press", Address = "Princeton",
Year = 1954)

@Book(Polya3,
Key = "Polya",
Author = "Polya, George", 
Title = "How to Solve It: A New Aspect of Mathematical Method",
Publisher = "Princeton University Press", Address = "Princeton",
Year = 1973)

@Comment{ Naive this and that }

@InProceedings(NaivePhysics,
Key = "Hayes",
Author = "Hayes, Patrick J.", 
Title = "The Naive Physics Manifesto",
BookTitle = "Expert Systems in the Micro Electronic Age",
Pages = "242-270",
Editor = "Donald Michie",
Publisher = "Edinburgh University Press",
Year = 1979)

@InProceedings(Liquids,
Key = "Hayes",
Author = "Hayes, Patrick J.", 
Title = "NaivePhysics I: Ontology of Liquids",
Pages = "?",
Booktitle = "?",
Organization = "?",
Month = AUG, Year = 1978)

@InProceedings(Isaac,
Key = "Novak",
Author = "Novak, Gordon S.", 
Title = "?? Isaac Stuff ??",
Pages = "?42-270",
Booktitle = "?achine Intelligence 9",
Organization = "?",
Month = AUG, Year = 1981)

@PHDThesis(Envisage,
Key = "deKleer",
Author = "deKleer, Johan", 
Title = "Causal and Teleological Reasoning in Circuit Recognition",
School = "MIT",
Month = SEP, Year = 1979)
@Comment{ Problem Reformulation }

@InCollection(Amarel,
Key = "Amarel",
Author = "Amarel, Saul",
Title = "On Representations of Problems of Reasoning About Actions",
Publisher = "American Elsevier Publishing Company",
Address = "New York",
Year = 1968,
BookTitle = "Machine Intelligence",
Pages = "131-171",
Editors = "Meltzer and Michie",
Volume = 3)

@UnPublished(Tappel,
Key = "Tappel",
Author = "Tappel, Steve",
Title = "Reformulation ...",
Year = 1981,
Note = "Thesis Proposal")

@TechReport(ArchMRS,
Key = "Genesereth",
Author = "Genesereth, Micheal R. and Smith, David E.",
Title = "Metal-Level Architecture",
Number = "HPP-81-6",
Type = WP, 
Institution = CSDSU,
Month = SEP, Year = 1982)

@Comment{ Metaphor, Analogy [nonAI] }

@Book(Black,
Key = "Black",
Author = "Black, Max",
Title = "Models and Metaphors",
Publisher = "Cornell University Press",
Address = "Ithica", Year = 1962)
@Comment<(For some reason) considered one of the classics.
Title not withstanding, only 2 articles on metaphor.
Those (and 3rd, on Whorf) are worth reading... (see Searle, in M&T)
The rest is on the nature of nature, etc.
I was a bit disappointed -- as much of reasoning seemed sloppy, and
based on too many [implicit] assumptions.
Core idea was that it was useful to use models in understanding something;
and that understanding from model, and understanding via analogy, were
similar processes -- both "non decompositional".  See Boyd, in M&T.)>

@Book(Lakoff,
Key = "Lakoff",
Author = "Lakoff, George and Johnson, Mark",
Title = "Metaphors We Live By",
Publisher = "The University of Chicago Press",
Address = "Chicago", Year = 1980)
@Comment< Interesting view - expands his Cognitive Science paper
Claim: we are constantly using metaphor, in just our day to day
speech.  Example: We view time as a precious commodity - ala money.
Hence we talk of taking time, using time, giving time, ...
(Book is full of examples.)  Lakoff goes on to claim there is a
method to these metaphors -- some sense of consistency and meaning.
Note: offensively small bibliography: no mention of Kuhn, or Quine, (etc)
whose ideas seem, nevertheless, to be included.>

@Article(Hof81,
Key = "Hofstadter",
Author = "Hofstadter, Douglas",
Title = "Roles and Analogies in Real and Artificial Worlds",
Extra = "In Metamathetical Themas section",
Journal = "Scientific American",
Month = SEP, Year = 1981)
@Comment<Cute, as usual.  Some relevance to real world; basically
gives the first few obvious facts about analogy, and some
nice examples to drive home his points -- including
"first lady of England".>

@Book(M&T,
Key = "Ortony",
Editor = "Ortony, Andrew",
Title = "Metaphor and Thought",
Publisher = "Cambridge University Press", Address = "Cambridge", Year = 1979)
@Comment< Excellent book, with many first rate articles.
Initial overview (by Ortony) good, as were chapters by 
	Searle, Morgan, Kuhn, Pylyshyn
Also ok were Black, Rumbelhart, Paivio. Ortony, and (parts of) Boyd.
Reddy's chapter was worth reading, but probably irrelevant.>

@InCollection(Ortony1,
Key = "Ortony",
Author = "Ortony, Andrew",
Title = "The Role of Similarity in Similie and Metaphor",
Pages = "187-201",
Editor = "Ortony, Andrew",
BookTitle = "Metaphor and Thought",
Publisher = "Cambridge University Press", Address = "Cambridge", Year = 1979)
@Comment< ok article -- gives semi-formal description. >

@InCollection(Ortony2,
Key = "Ortony",
Author = "Ortony, Andrew",
Title = "Metaphor: A Multidimensional Problem",
Pages = "1-16",
Editor = "Ortony, Andrew",
BookTitle = "Metaphor and Thought",
Publisher = "Cambridge University Press", Address = "Cambridge", Year = 1979)
@Comment< ok article -- gives semi-formal description. >

@InCollection(Pylyshyn,
Key = "Pylyshyn",
Author = "Pylyshyn, Zenon W.",
Title = "Metaphorical Imprecision and the `Top-Down' Research Strategy",
Pages = "420-436",
Editor = "Ortony, Andrew",
BookTitle = "Metaphor and Thought",
Publisher = "Cambridge University Press", Address = "Cambridge", Year = 1979)
@Comment< ? openness of an analogy... >

@InCollection(Black2,
Key = "Black",
Author = "Black, Max",
Title = "More about Metaphor",
Pages = "19-43",
Editor = "Ortony, Andrew",
BookTitle = "Metaphor and Thought",
Publisher = "Cambridge University Press", Address = "Cambridge", Year = 1979)
@Comment< Note "common" rather similar to MRG's notion of abstraction.
Context is called "ground">

@InCollection(Paivio,
Key = "Paivio",
Author = "Paivio, Allan",
Title = "Psychological Processes in the Comprehension of Metaphor",
Pages = "150-171",
Editor = "Ortony, Andrew",
BookTitle = "Metaphor and Thought",
Publisher = "Cambridge University Press", Address = "Cambridge", Year = 1979)
@Comment< topic, vehicle and ground ... >

@InCollection(Reddy,
Key = "Reddy",
Author = "Reddy, Micheal J.",
Title = "The Conduit Metaphor - A Case of Frame Conflict in Our Langauge About
Language",
Pages = "284-324",
Editor = "Ortony, Andrew",
BookTitle = "Metaphor and Thought",
Publisher = "Cambridge University Press", Address = "Cambridge", Year = 1979)
@Comment< Excellent - Conduit Metaphor. >

@InCollection(Searle,
Key = "Searle",
Author = "Searle, John R.",
Title = "Metaphor",
Pages = "92-123",
Editor = "Ortony, Andrew",
BookTitle = "Metaphor and Thought",
Publisher = "Cambridge University Press", Address = "Cambridge", Year = 1979)
@Comment< Good philosophical view of this stuff. 
Talks about metaphoric versus literal meaning -- and irrelevance of
"tarskian" semantics...>

@InCollection(Schon,
Key = "Schon",
Author = "Schon, Donald A.",
Title = "Generative Metaphor: A Perspective on Problem Solving in Social Policy",
Pages = "254-283",
Editor = "Ortony, Andrew",
BookTitle = "Metaphor and Thought",
Publisher = "Cambridge University Press", Address = "Cambridge", Year = 1979)
@Comment< ???. >

@InCollection(Rumelhart,
Key = "Rumelhart",
Author = "Rumelhart, David E.",
Title = "Some Problems with the Notion of Literal Meaning",
Pages = "78-90",
Editor = "Ortony, Andrew",
BookTitle = "Metaphor and Thought",
Publisher = "Cambridge University Press", Address = "Cambridge", Year = 1979)
@Comment< ??? note below...>

@InCollection(Miller,
Key = "Miller",
Author = "Miller, George A.",
Title = "Images and Models, Similes and Metaphors",
Pages = "202-252",
Editor = "Ortony, Andrew",
BookTitle = "Metaphor and Thought",
Publisher = "Cambridge University Press", Address = "Cambridge", Year = 1979)
@Comment< Disappointing...
Sloppy description of metaphor in terms of funny Similar predicates,
etc. >

@InCollection(Boyd,
Key = "Boyd",
Author = "Boyd, Richard",
Title = "Metaphor and Theory Change: What is ``Metaphor'' a Metaphor for?",
Pages = "356-408",
Editor = "Ortony, Andrew",
BookTitle = "Metaphor and Thought",
Publisher = "Cambridge University Press", Address = "Cambridge", Year = 1979)
@Comment< Use of analogy for exploration.
Talks about cutting nature at its joints -- non-decompositional description...>

@Book(Hesse,
Key = "Hesse",
Author = "Hesse, Mary",
Title = "Models and Analogy in Science",
Publisher = "University of Notre Dame Press", 
Address = "Notre Dame",
Year = 1966)
@Comment< So-so -- good at presenting one view of analogy (as matching slots)
(That approach seems way too superficial to work, I feel)
Good section on Aristotle, and his view.>

@TechReport(Gentner,
Key = "Gentner",
Author = "Gentner, Dedre",
Title = "The Structure of Analogical Models in Science",
Institution = "Bolt, Beranek and Newman Inc.",
Number = 4451,
Month = JUL, Year = 1980)
@Comment< Worth reading.  She takes the view that the structure of a model
is preserved, not the simple attributes.  (Ie N-ary relations are
significant, while unary relations are incidental.)
... at least in a good science analogy (which is explanatory/predictive)
(Sure... this gives one good HEURISTIC for evaluating a proposed analogy.
Note this approach is quite representation dependent -- ie what makes
some fact a Binary relation rather than a unary one?  This is discussed
in one of the BBD messages.)>

@InProceedings(GentnerA,
Key = "Gentner",
Author = "Gentner, Dedre",
Title = "Studies of Metaphor and Complex Analogies",
Booktitle = "Symposium on Metaphor as Process",
Organization = "A.P.A", Address = "Montreal",
Month = SEP, Year = 1980)
@Comment< She here tries to demonstrate that unary/binary distinction,
by conducting a psychological experiment. (Yawn)>

@TechReport(Darden,
Key = "Darden",
Author = "Darden, Lindley",
Title = "Informal Analogy Bulletin Board Messages",
Institution = "University of Maryland",
Year = "1981/2")

@Article(Interfield,
Key = "Darden",
Author = "Darden, Lindley and Maull, Nancy",
Title = "Interfield Theories",
Journal = "Philosophy of Science",
Volume = 44, Pages = "43-64",
Year = 1977)
@Comment< Lindley has several papers on "Interfield connections" --
where one can reason about one field (eg genetics) using facts
from another field (consider proto-biochemistry).  This is stronger
than a random analogy -- here there is some "real" reason why
the facts should be linked.>

@Article(NewFields,
Key = "Darden",
Author = "Darden, Lindley",
Title = "Discovery and the Emergence of New Fields in Science",
Journal = "Philosophy of Science",
Publisher = "Philosophy of Science of America Publication",
Editors = "P. Asquith and I. Hacking",
Volume = 1, Pages = "149-160",
Year = 1978)
@Comment< see above>

@TechReport(R&N,
Key = "Rumelhart",
Author = "Rumelhart, David E. and Norman, Donald A.",
Title = "Analogical Processes in Learning",
Institution = "University of California, San Diego",
Number = 8005,
Month = SEP, Year = 1980)
@Comment< Good description of learning via analogy -- from Psy perspective.
3 learning modes:
1. Accretion (instantiating existing schemata (ie defining X in terms of Y)
2. Tuning (twiddling) a schema (by experience...)
3. Creating new schema -- or restructuring old ones.
(Analogy plays large role in first, ...)
Ex: Pie model for fractions (good for +/-; versus times then divide - good for mult)
Claim: people have "procedures" which can be twiddled, to adapt them to
achieve a new task. (especially when structure preserved, but details different
[makes strong daa -- as common origin of program.]
---
From domains of Logo turtle programs, geneology, editors>

@InProceedings(Harmful,
Key = "Halasz",
Author = "Halasz, Frank and Moran, Thomas P.",
Title = "Analogy Considered Harmful",
Pages = "?",
Booktitle = "Human Factors in Computer Systems",
Organization = "National Bureau of Standards",
Address = "Gaithersburg, Maryland", Month = MAR, Year = 1982)
@Comment<
1. They discuss the use of analogy as a teaching aide -- not as a memory
aide; and note it can be misleading -- ie can produce erroneous supersets
of facts from some nucleus (of correct ones).  
Teachers should instead use a "Computational Model" -- which seems like
an abstraction (ala MRG).  [Note they never define this thing.]
They deal in domain of teaching text-editors, and understanding computers.
2. Justifiably criticizes superficial, one-track analogies;
They fail to realize the fault is not with the idea of analogy,
but with the particular simplistic approach they are showing.>

@InCollection(Lorenz,
Key = "Lorenz",
Author = "Lorenz, K.Z.",
Title = "Analogy as a source of Knowledge",
Note = "Nobel Prize Lecture given in Stockholm on Dec 12, 1973",
Booktitle = "Lez Prix Nobel en 1973",
Publisher = "Elsevier",
Address = "New York",
Pages = "185-195",
Year = 1974)
@Comment{ Form follows function theme -- if you find two creatures with the same
shape, chances are they both evolved to fill the same role.
Same is true of BEHAVIOR - not just form! }

@Comment< Read everything below, and [Shepard 1974] >

@Book(Maill,
Key = "Miall",
Editor = "Maill, David S.",
Title = "Metaphor: Problem and Perspectives",
Publisher = "Harvester Press Limited",
Address = "Brighton, Sussex", Year = 1981)
@Comment< ??? Not read - mentioned in Winston3 --
incudes "Are Scientific Analogies Metaphors", by Dedre Gentner 
PN228.M4M47 >

@Article(Tversky,
Key = "Tversky",
Author = "Tversky, Amos",
Title = "Features of Similarity",
Journal = Psychological Review",
Volume = 84, Number = 4, Month = JUL, Year = 1977,
Pages = "327-352")

@Book(Leatherdale,
Key = "Leatherdale",
Author = "Leatherdale, W.H.",
Title = "The Role of Analogy, Model and Metaphor in Science",
Publisher = "North Holland",
Year = 1974)

@comment{
∂ 5 Jun 1982 2135-PDT	<CSD.FREEMAN at SU-SCORE>	analogy
Peter Achinstein of Johns Hopkins spposedly has done some interesting work.
-andy
}

@Comment{ Analogy [CS, not AI] }

@TechReport(Evolution,
Key = "Dershowitz",
Author = "Dershowitz, Nachum and Manna, Zohar",
Title = "The Evolution of Programs: A System for Automatic Program Modification",
Number = "AIM-294",
Institution = CSDSU,
Month = DEC, Year = 1976)
@Comment< Modifying a program to achieve a different goal.
Must already have the analogy map.  It can use the correspondences to
transform the code. >

@TechReport(Chen/Findler,
Key = "Chen",
Author = "Chen, David T. W. and Findler, Nicholar V.",
Title = "Toward Analogical Reasoning in Problem Solving by Computers",
Number = "115",
Institution = "State University of New York at Buffalo",
Type = "Department of Computer Science",
Month = DEC, Year = 1976)

@TechReport(Thibadeau,
Key = "Thibadeau",
Author = "Thibadeau, Robert",
Title = "Reaching (For) an Understanding about Analogy",
Number = "DCS-TM-8",
Institution = "Rutgers",
Type = "Department of Computer Science",
Month = MAY, Year = 1977)
@Comment{ Tries to supply a def'n for Analogy! (Not "better...")
Sloppy, but nice summary
	A - mu - B
	    "
	   Theta
	    "
	C - mu' - D
Leads to Psych study
MAP - Metaphor and Analogy Processor

 uses A:B :: C:D, where MU maps A to B, and MU' maps C to D;
and some THETA maps MU to MU' (or are these the same?).
Discusses EDUCTION -- given A and B, find a relation R s.t. R(A, B).
some Phy results.  Addresses reformulation.
Summarizes Evans, Kling; esp their limitations.
(e.g. use of a priori semantic categories.)
then Chen & Findler -- he too found that paper hard to understand.}

@Article(M&Ua,
Key = "Moll",
Author = "Moll, Robert and Ulrich, John Wade",
Title = "Program Synthesis by Analogy",
Journal = "SIGART Newsletter", Volume = "12", Number = "8", Month = AUG,
Year = 1977, Pages = "22-28")
@Comment <Took one program, and twiddled it to do different
task.  Seems unextendable.
Authors addressed obvious shortcomings.>

@InProceedings(M&Ub,
Key = "Moll",
Author = "Moll, Robert and Ulrich, John Wade",
Title = "The Synthesis of Programs by Analogy",
Pages = "592-594",
Booktitle = "6-IJCAI", Organization = "Tokyo", Month = AUG, Year = 1979)
@Comment< see above. >

@MISC(Kahn,
Key = "Kahn",
Author = "Kahn, W. (Prof, U.C. Berkeley)",
HowPublished = "Stanford Computer Science Colloquium",
Date = "30 November 1982",
Title = "Mathematics written in sand, the HP15C, INTEL 8087, etc.")
@Comment< This NA fellow used "abstraction" as MRG does -- in terms
of two models having the same theory">
@Comment{ Analogy - AI }

@InProceedings(M&M,
Key = "Genesereth",
Author = "Genesereth, Micheal R.", 
Title = "Metaphors and Models",
Booktitle = "1-AAAI",
Organization = SU, Pages = "208-211",
Month = AUG, Year = 1980)
@Comment< Must read.  A different view/use of analogy.
View: as shared partial theory (see my proposal)
Use: to use efficient data structures
This paper is unfortunately, difficult to understand.
(my subtitle: "What is the Meta in Metaphor For?")>

@InProceedings(Clement,
Key = "Clement",
Author = "Clement, John",
Title = "Analogy Generation in Scientific Problem Solving",
Pages = "137-140",
Booktitle = "3-Cognitive Science",
Organization = "University of California, Berkeley",
Month = AUG, Year = 1981)
@Comment< Psychology, not AI.
Presents a particular analogizing process -- "verified" using a
few (maybe 1) prototcol.  Some cute, perhaps usable ideas, though.
(Especially 3 types of analogies.) >

@InProceedings(Carbonella,
Key = "Carbonell",
Author = "Carbonell, Jaime",
Title = "Invariance Hierarchy in Metaphor Interpretation",
Pages = "292-295",
Booktitle = "3-Cognitive Science",
Organization = "University of California, Berkeley",
Month = AUG, Year = 1981)
@Comment< Nice set of heuristics for evaluating/generating a good analogy --
based on reasonable introspection, nothing more. (based on MOPS, of course)
other points: Metaphor can be a trigger, used to communicate a bunch at once.
Creative Metaphor vs non-creative (often dead).
Indexing map, based on features, whose salience is ordered by this conservation
of most important features.>

@InProceedings(Carbonellb,
Key = "Carbonell",
Author = "Carbonell, Jaime,", 
Title = "A Computayional Model of Analogical Problem Solving",
Pages = "147-152",
Booktitle = "7-IJCAI",
Organization = "University of British Columbia",
Month = AUG, Year = 1981)
@Comment< Students learn by taking structure of one example, and applying to
another. (- from +)
Takes Solution Graph, and map to similar one for another problem -- using
T-operators.
[Derek Sleeman has similar thoughts] }

@Article(Kling,
Key = "Kling",
Author = "Kling, Robert E.",
Title = "A Paradigm for Reasoning by Analogy",
Journal = "Artificial Intelligence", Year = 1971, Pages = "147-178",
Volume = 2)
@Comment< Zorba program - for transfering proofs from one area (eg Group theory)
to rings.  Basically exploited isomorphisms.  Alg:
Thm1 & Thm2 => InitialMap => many maps
[∃ implicit claim that Thm1 & Thm2 are analogous]
[each maps predicates to predicates;
and is constrainted by Syntactic & Semantic Considerations]
Map & Soln1 => Extender => fleshed-out map of predicates
  [Soln1 are claused used to prove Thm1]
  [That map applied to Soln1 to guide proof for Thm2]
... Relied on appropriate representation - good for math, anything else?>

@TechReport(Ana,
Key = "McDermott",
Author = "McDermott, John",
Title = "Learning to Use Analogies",
Institution = CMU, Year = 1979)
@Comment< Deals w/assimilation and accomodation --
It begins with a production system for "pair shop" task, and a known procedures
for accomplishing specific tasks.  Then tries to achieve similar tasks, by
"matching" current goal to solved one, and switching variables.  Then has to
provide fixes when a problem arises (mutable vs immutable states).  Finally
stored result - base case.
Generalization = delete clause.
Use of ISA hierachy used for fixes, not ... >

@InCollection(Evans,
Key = "Evans",
Author = "Evans, Thomas G.",
Title = "A Program for Solution of Geometric-Analogy Intelligence Test Questions",
Booktitle = "Semantic Information Processing",
Editor = "Marvin Minsky", Year = 1968,
Publisher = "The MIT Press",
Address = "Cambridge")
@Comment< Solved A:B :: C : ? for ? in {1 2 3 4 5} by matching (predefined) features
found transformation which took A to B, and applied that to C.
(Did some constraint relaxing if no match found...)
Use the obvious, straightforward methods.  
(Even in '66 considered trivial and uninterested.)>

@InCollection(Merlin,
Key = "Newell",
Author = "Newell, Allan and Moore, J.",
Title = "How Can Merlin Understand",
BookTitle = "Knowledge and Cognition",
Editor = "L. W. Gregg",
Address = "Potomac, Md.",
Publisher = "Erlbaum Associates",
Year = 1973)
@Comment{ Uses β-structures to record facts about A in terms of B.
There is no prefered perspective ... rather, there are several,
where one of which is useful for one task, and another for another.

Maping: A is like B, IF YOU'LL ALLOW c is like d
	[or A:c is like B:d]
}

@TechReport(RBrown,
Key = "Brown",
Author = "Brown, Richard",
Title = "Use of Analogies to Achieve New Expertise",
Institution = MIT, Month = APR, Year = 1979, Number = "AI-TR-403")
@Comment{ Deals with generating programs "by analogy"
Analogizes from one plan to another.
[From Plan => Program => Code]
Poorly written - ie confusing
depends on pre-defined type hierarchy
not implemented, very unconvincing -- whole task is unimpressive ...
defn of analogy very confusing.}

@Article(Winston,
Key = "Winston",
Author = "Winston, Patrick H.",
Title = "Learning and Reasoning by Analogy", Pages = "689-703",
Journal = "Communications of the ACM",
Month = DEC, Year = 1980,
Volume = 23, Number = 12)
@Comment< Superficial analysis, assuming "obvious" facts about the world.
(Why is Macbeth more like Hamlet? ...)>

@TechReport(Winston2,
Key = "Winston",
Author = "Winston, Patrick H.", 
Title = "Learning and Reasoning by Analogy: The Details",
Number = "AIM 520",
Comment = "Revised from June 1979",
Institution = MIT, Type = AI,
Month = APR, Year = 1979)
@Comment{  Very bad paper: (1) definition of analogy never given,
(2) seems to depend on Winston's own ideas, rather than known results
(... ie is pseudo-psychological), (3) he never USES the analogy for anything,
just decides whether X is more like Y or Z -- so what?!?, (4) no reformulation
-- depends critically on his initial set of terms.  Also,
uses never-defined notion of causality.  Seems very Shankian. (see (2) above),
he confuses many things (partly due to flakey FRL implementation).
"good person", ... etc etc etc. }

@TechReport(Winston3,
Key = "Winston",
Author = "Winston, Patrick H.", 
Title = "Learning New Principles from Precedents and Exercises: The Details",
Number = "AIM 632",
Comment = "Revised from May 1981",
Institution = MIT, Type = AI,
Month = NOV, Year = 1981)
@Comment{  See above - AIM 520.
This appears in AI Journal, apparently!
Stores deductions, ala ANA (see McDermott) -- but stores generalizations
along AKO (generally from instance to class).
Depends on precise abstraction -- from teacher.
Takes "Macbeth" program, and applies it to: WWII situations, diabetics, ...
[Management, Political Science, Economics, Law & Medicine]
No real test of answer -- "may X be the case".
Can seek similar cases, or be told... etc etc etc.
Very disappointing. }

@TechReport(Winston4,
Key = "Winston",
Author = "Winston, Patrick H.", 
Title = "Learning by Augmenting Rules and Accumlating Censors",
Number = "AIM 678",
Comment = "Revised from May 1982",
Institution = MIT, Type = AI,
Month = SEP, Year = 1982)
@Comment{
"Learning from Precedents & exercises, & near misses,
generalizing if-then rules
use of censors to prevent procedure misapplications"

(1) Unless conditions on rules: to avoid "prima facie" contradictions
	[only one step inference]
(2) Censors - to block rules - via unless clauses

Deals w/TW's "bachelor" example.
Yawn!
Purpose of precedent: to derive (and refine) a rule (to me: ABSTRACTION)
If negative -- in form of near miss -- hones rules, making it more restrictive

... Contrived rep'n.
He just uses all facts which syntactically relate...
Only properties are AKO and HQ (=Has quality) --
and recurs: [[X r Y] HQ FALSE] for negation!

}

@Misc(Simon-Repn,
Key = "Simon",
Author = "Simon, Herbert A.",
HowPubished = "Stanford CS Colloquium",
Title = "Representations Experts Use",
Month = "16 February", Year = 1982)
@Comment{Here Simon claims that much of the problem solving expertise found
in experts derives from the ability to draw apt pictures -- from which
the answer to the problem can be readily "read off".
(Based on some Psy data, as well as introspection.
He did not indicate how to learn this ability...}

@Misc(SimonFriends,
Key = "Simon",
Author = "Simon, Herbert A.",
HowPublished = "Camp Lecture at Stanford --
Grappling with the Hard Problems: The Uses of Reason in Human Affairs",
Title = "Alternate Visions of Rationality",
Month = "8 February", Year = 1982)
@Comment{3 view of rationality: Superman, (optimizing the global utility function),
satisficing (doing the best he can, based on his limited ability),
and ? man, who has 10 years of expertise, resulting in 50-100K "friends",
which he can pattern match against.
(Why 10 years for world class performance: limits of human life span.)}

@InCollection(CarbonellC,
Key = "Carbonell",
Author = "Carbonell, Jaime G.",
Title = "Learning by Analogy: Formulating and Generalizing Plans from
	Past Experience",
Booktitle = "Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach",
Editors = "Ryszard S. Michalski, Jaime G. Carbonel, and Tom M. Mitchell",
Year = 1983,
Publisher = "Tioga Publishing Company",
Address = "Palo Alto")
@Comment< T-operators -- for transforming one solution to another.>

@Book(Hacker,
Key = "Sussman",
Editors = "Sussman, G. J.",
Title = "A Computer Model of Skill Acquisition",
Year = 1975,
Publisher = "American Elsevier",
Address = "New York")
@Comment< Hmmm -- changes one program to a similar one by "hacking" it,
when error occurred.  See ANA.>

@Comment<
Vere mentioned on p65 of "Machine Learning"
	Thoth used in Analogy IQ tests.
>
@Comment{ Analogy - RDG }

@Misc(ThesisProp,
Key = "Greiner",
Author = "Greiner, Russell",
Title = "The Use of Analogy For Knowledge Acquisition",
HowPublished = "PhD Thesis Proposal",
Month = MAR, Year = 1982)

@Misc(NaiveAnalogy,
Key = "Greiner",
Author = "Greiner, Russell",
Title = "Naive Analogy",
HowPublished = "Miscellaneous Thoughts",
Month = MAR, Year = 1982)
@Comment{ Things to add in...
	   Tversky - Similarity studies

Philosophy - 
	  ∃? reality to analogy, or just communication
	   Boyd -- "cutting world at its hinges"
	   Black, Searle [argue for non-decomposition/non-tarskian semantics]
	   Darden (combinations for theory formation), 
	   Mary Hesse - analogy = matching slots -- for Explanatory/Predicative
Linguists - Lakoff, [literature analysis]
Education - ICAI: vanLehn/JS Brown, (not superficial - planning nets)
	   Polya, (return to later)...
	

   Gentner - (BBN) criterion for USABLE analogies, in science
N-ary reln's more important than unary features
... again rep'n dependent

*  Eurisko
Given concept C, find similar concept C', and see what carries over.

 D. Others, when contrasting with "primitives"
i.e. an analogy provides a non-decompositional description
   Winograd - prototypes
   Funt - Whisper
   Gestaltists -- like Quine (ostention), Wittenstein "game" (me: analogy)
   Simon - 50-100K friends - to be recognized

}